NHLT12002 - Inclusive Practice Blog - Assessment Task 2: February 2016

Monday, 8 February 2016

References

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Al Sayah, F., Majumdar, S. R., & Johnson, J. A. (2015). Association of Inadequate Health Literacy with Health Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Depression: Secondary Analysis of a Controlled Trial. Canadian Journal Of Diabetes, 39(4), 259-265 7p. doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2014.11.005

Aslam, M. (2012). The ethics of migration and healthcare. Archives Of Disease In Childhood, 97(5), 481-482. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2011-301681

Aspin, C., Brown, N., Jowsey, T., Yen, L., & Leeder, S. (2012). Strategic approaches to enhanced health service delivery for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people with chronic illness: a qualitative study. BMC Health Services Research, 12143. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-12-143

Ayala, R. A., Holmqvist, M. T., Messing, H. B., & Browne, R. F. (2014). Blessed art thou among women: male nursing students and gender inequalities in Basas, C. G. (2014). What's Bad about Wellness? What the Disability Rights Perspective Offers about the Limitations of Wellness. Journal Of Health Politics, Policy & Law, 39(5), 1035-1066.

Bock, G. L. (2012). Jehovah's Witnesses and autonomy: honouring the refusal of blood transfusions. Journal Of Medical Ethics, 38(11), 652-656.

Bostwick, W. B., Boyd, C. J., Hughes, T. L., West, B. T., & McCabe, S. E. (2014). Discrimination and mental health among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. American Journal Of Orthopsychiatry, 84(1), 35-45. doi:10.1037/h0098851

Burgess, S., & Murray, S. J. (2015). Cutting Both Ways: On the Ethical Entanglements of Human Rights, Rites, and Genital Mutilation. American Journal Of Bioethics, 15(2), 50-51.doi:10.1080/15265161.2014.990167

Chantler, K. (2012). Gender, Asylum Seekers and Mental Distress: Challenges for Mental Health Social Work. British Journal Of Social Work, 42(2), 318-334.

Cheraghi, M. A., Manookian, A., & Nasrabadi, A. N. (2014). Human dignity in religion-embedded cross-cultural nursing. Nursing Ethics, 21(8), 916-928 13p. doi:10.1177/0969733014521095

Chile. Nurse Education Today, 34(12), 1480-1484. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2014.04.022

Coles, M. E., Ravid, A., Gibb, B., George-Denn, D., Bronstein, L. R., & McLeod, S. (2016). Adolescent mental health literacy: Young people's knowledge of depression and social anxiety disorder. Journal Of Adolescent Health, 58(1), 57-62. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.09.017

Corr McEvoy, S., & Keenan, E. (2014). Attitudes towards People with Disabilities - what do people with intellectual disabilities have to say?. British Journal Of Learning Disabilities, 42(3), 221-227. doi:10.1111/bld.12032

Davis, K., Swarbrick, P., Krzos, I. M., Ruppert, S., & O’Neill, S. (2015). Health literacy training: A model for effective implementation and sustainability. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 38(4), 377-379. doi:10.1037/prj0000166

Deek, H., Abbott, P., Moore, L., Davison, J., Cameron, S., DiGiacomo, M., & Davidson, P. M. (2013). Pneumococcus in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples: The role of Aboriginal health workers and implications for nursing practice. Contemporary Nurse: A Journal For The Australian Nursing Profession, 46(1), 54-58 5p. doi:10.5172/conu.2013.46.1.54

Department of Immigration and Citizenship. (2013). Access and Equity Report 2010-2012. Australian Government. Retrieved from: https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/02_2014/access-equity-report-2010-12.pdf

Department of Social Services. (2015). The Multicultural Access and Equity Policy Guide. Australian Government. Retrieved from: https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/foi_disclosure_log/12-12-13/the_multicultural_access_and_equity_policy_guide.pdf

Deschênes, S. S., Burns, R. J., & Schmitz, N. (2015). Associations between depression, chronic physical health conditions, and disability in a community sample: A focus on the persistence of depression. Journal Of Affective Disorders, 1796-13. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.03.020

Douglas, C., Deacon, R., & Mooney-Somers, J. (2015). Pap smear rates among Australian community-attached lesbian and bisexual women: some good news but disparities persist. Sexual Health (14485028), 12(3), 249. doi:10.1071/SH14210

Doyle, D. M., & Molix, L. (2014). Perceived discrimination and well-being in gay men: the protective role of behavioural identification. Psychology & Sexuality, 5(2), 117-130. doi:10.1080/19419899.2011.653689

Downing, R., Kowal, E., & Paradies, Y. (2011). Indigenous cultural training for health workers in Australia. International Journal For Quality In Health Care: Journal Of The International Society For Quality In Health Care / Isqua, 23(3), 247-257. doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzr008

Dockery, L., Jeffery, D., Schauman, O., Williams, P., Farrelly, S., Bonnington, O., & Clement, S. (2015). Stigma- and non-stigma-related treatment barriers to mental healthcare reported by service users and caregivers. Psychiatry Research, 228(3), 612-619. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.044

DSS. (2012). National Disability Strategy 2010-2020 Report to COAG 2012. Australian Government. Retrieved from https://www.dss.gov.au/our-responsibilities/disability-andcarers/program-services/government-international/national-disability-strategy-2010-2020- report-to-coag-2012

Edberg, M. C., Corey, K., & Cohen, M. (2011). Using a Qualitative Approach to Develop an Evaluation Data Set for Community-Based Health Promotion Programs Addressing Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. doi:10.1177/1524839910362035

Gray, W. N., Szulczewski, L. J., Regan, S. P., Williams, J. A., & Pai, A. H. (2014). Cultural influences in pediatric cancer: From diagnosis to cure/end of life. Journal Of Pediatric Oncology Nursing, 31(5), 252-271. doi:10.1177/1043454214529022

Greenfield, L. S., Page, L. C., Kay, M., Li-Vollmer, M., Breuner, C. C., & Duchin, J. S. (2015). Strategies for increasing adolescent immunizations in diverse ethnic communities. Journal Of Adolescent Health, 56(5, Suppl), S47-S53. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.10.274

Han, C. C. (2013). Do We Need to Consider Ethno-cultural Variation in the Use of Atypical Antipsychotics for Asian Patients with Major Depressive Disorder?. CNS Drugs, 2747-51.

Han, S. D., Boyle, P. A., James, B. D., Yu, L., & Bennett, D. A. (2015). Poorer financial and health literacy among community-dwelling older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Journal Of Aging And Health, 27(6), 1105-1117. doi:10.1177/0898264315577780

Hadziabdic, E., Lundin, C., & Hjelm, K. (2015). Boundaries and conditions of interpretation in multilingual and multicultural elderly healthcare. BMC Health Services Research, 15(1), 1-13. doi:10.1186/s12913-015-1124-5

Harding, C., & Cockerill, H. (2015). Managing eating and drinking difficulties (dysphagia) with children who have learning disabilities: What is effective?. Clinical Child Psychology And Psychiatry, 20(3), 395-405. doi:10.1177/1359104513516650

Harrison, T., & Lazard, A. (2015). Advocating for a population-specific health literacy for people with visual impairments. Health Communication, 30(12), 1169-1172. doi:10.1080/10410236.2015.1037424

Hubert, J. (2011). ‘My heart is always where he is’. Perspectives of mothers of young people with severe intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviour living at home. British Journal Of Learning Disabilities, 39(3), 216-224. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3156.2010.00658.x

Hunter, J., Corcoran, K., Phelps, K., & Leeder, S. (2012). The Integrative Medicine Team-Is Biomedical Dominance Inevitable?. Journal Of Alternative & Complementary Medicine, 18(12), 1127-1132 6p. doi:10.1089/acm.2011.0393

Jae-Mahn, S. (2015). The influence of social context on the treatment outcomes of complementary and alternative medicine: the case of acupuncture and herbal medicine in Japan and the U.S. Globalization & Health, 11(1), 1-13. doi:10.1186/s12992-015-0103-2

Jang, Y., Park, N. S., Chiriboga, D. A., Yoon, H., An, S., & Kim, M. T. (2015). Social capital in ethnic communities and mental health: A study of older Korean immigrants. Journal Of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 30(2), 131-141. doi:10.1007/s10823-015-9258-9

Krahn, G. H. (2014). Health Disparities of Adults with Intellectual Disabilities: What Do We Know? What Do We Do?. Journal Of Applied Research In Intellectual Disabilities, 27(5), 431-446.

Kim, Y., Lim, J. Y., & Park, K. (2015). Effects of health literacy and social capital on health information behavior. Journal Of Health Communication, 20(9), 1084-1094. doi:10.1080/10810730.2015.1018636

King, E. B., Dawson, J. F., Kravitz, D. A., & Gulick, L. V. (2012). A multilevel study of the relationships between diversity training, ethnic discrimination and satisfaction in organizations. Journal Of Organizational Behavior, 33(1), 5-20. doi:10.1002/job.728

Koenig, C. J., Dutta, M. J., Kandula, N., & Palaniappan, L. (2012). “All of Those Things We Don't Eat”: A Culture-Centered Approach to Dietary Health Meanings for Asian Indians Living in the United States. Health Communication, 27(8), 818-828 11p. doi:10.1080/10410236.2011.651708

Khyatti, M., Trimbitas, R., Zouheir, Y., Benani, A., El Messaoudi, M., & Hemminki, K. (2014). Infectious diseases in North Africa and North African immigrants to Europe. European Journal Of Public Health, 24(suppl_1), 47.

Kreutzer, S. (2013). “Hollywood Nurses” in West Germany: Biographies, Self-Images, and Experiences of Academically Trained Nurses after 1945. Nursing History Review, 2133. doi:10.1891/1062-8061.21.33

Leininger, M. (2002). Transcultural Nursing: concepts, theories and practice (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill Companies.

Lu, P., O’Halloran, A., Williams, W. W., Lindley, M. C., Farrall, S., & Bridges, C. B. (2015). Racial and ethnic disparities in vaccination coverage among adult populations in the U.S. American Journal Of Preventive Medicine, 49(6, Suppl 4), S412-S425. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.03.005Lo, Y. (2012). The importance of transcultural nursing in cancer care. British Journal Of Nursing, S32-7 1p.

Maher, C., Crettenden, A., Evans, K., Thiessen, M., Toohey, M., Watson, A., & Dollman, J. (2015). Fatigue is a major issue for children and adolescents with physical disabilities. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 57(8), 742-747. doi:10.1111/dmcn.12736

Managing Inclusiveness and Diversity in Teams: How Leader Inclusiveness Affects Performance through Status and Team Identity. Human Resource Management, 54(2), 217-239. doi:10.1002/hrm.21658

Meuter, R. I., Gallois, C., Segalowitz, N. S., Ryder, A. G., & Hocking, J. (2015). Overcoming language barriers in healthcare: A protocol for investigating safe and effective communication when patients or clinicians use a second language. BMC Health Services Research, 15(1), 1-5. doi:10.1186/s12913-015-1024-8

Mitchell, R. J., Parker, V., & Giles, M. (2011). When do interprofessional teams succeed? Investigating the moderating roles of team and professional identity in interprofessional effectiveness. Human Relations, 64(10), 1321-1343. doi:10.1177/0018726711416872

Mitchell, R., Boyle, B., Parker, V., Giles, M., Chiang, V., & Joyce, P. (2015). Managing Inclusiveness and Diversity in Teams: How Leader Inclusiveness Affects Mantwill, S., Monestel-Umaña, S., & Schulz, P. J. (2015). The Relationship between Health Literacy and Health Disparities: A Systematic Review. Plos ONE, 10(12), 1-22. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145455

Narayanasamy, A. (Artist). (2002). ACCESS model for transcultural nursing [Table]. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.cqu.edu.au/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=3f2757ef-04ee-49b4-a5ae-529dded25622%40sessionmgr4003&vid=69&hid=4210. (Original work created 1999)

Nikora, L. T. (2012). Final Arrangements Following Death: Maori Indigenous Decision Making and Tangi. Journal Of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 22(5), 400-413.

Noels, K. A. (2014). Language variation and ethnic identity: A social psychological perspective. Language And Communication, 35(New perspectives on linguistic variation and ethnic identity in North America), 88-96. doi:10.1016/j.langcom.2013.12.001

Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA). (2008a). Code of ethics for nurses in Australia. Retrieved from http://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/Professional-standards.aspx

Nouri, S. S., & Rudd, R. E. (2015). Health literacy in the 'oral exchange': An important element of patient–provider communication. Patient Education And Counseling, 98(5), 565-571. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2014.12.002

Olt, H., Jirwe, M., Saboonchi, F., Gerrish, K., & Emami, A. (2014). Communication and equality in elderly care settings: perceptions of first- and second-generation immigrant and native Swedish healthcare workers. Diversity & Equality In Health & Care, 11(2), 99-111.

Peers, D., Spencer-Cavaliere, N., & Eales, L. (2014). Say What You Mean: Rethinking Disability Language in Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 31(3), 265-282.

Performance through Status and Team Identity. Human Resource Management, 54(2), 217-239. doi:10.1002/hrm.21658

Queensland Health (2013). Human Resources Policy: Equity and Diversity, Department of Health, Policy Number G2 (QH-POL-132). Retrieved from http://www.health.qld.gov.au/qhpolicy/docs/pol/qh-pol-132.pdf

Radermacher, H., Karunarathna, Y., Grace, N., & Feldman, S. (2011). Partner or perish? Exploring inter-organisational partnerships in the multicultural community aged care sector. Health & Social Care In The Community, 19(5), 550. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2524.2011.01007.x

Ramos, M. A., Fox, A., Simon, E. P., & Horowitz, C. R. (2013). A Community-Academic Partnership to Address Racial/Ethnic Health Disparities through Grant-Making. Public Health Reports, 128(Supp 3), 61-67.

Ren, J., Chung, J., Stoel, L., & Xu, Y. (2011). Chinese dietary culture influences consumers' intention to use imported soy-based dietary supplements: an application of the theory of planned behaviour. International Journal Of Consumer Studies, 35(6), 661-669. doi:10.1111/j.1470-6431.2010.00959.x

Rikard, R. V., Hall, J. K., & Bullock, K. (2015). Health literacy and cultural competence: A model for addressing diversity and unequal access to trauma-related health care. Traumatology, 21(3), 227-236. doi:10.1037/trm0000044

Riva, S., Antonietti, A., Iannello, P., & Pravettoni, G. (2015). What are judgment skills in health literacy? A psycho-cognitive perspective of judgment and decision-making research. Patient Preference & Adherence, 91677-1686. doi:10.2147/PPA.S90207

Sanders‐Phillips, K., Kliewer, W., Tirmazi, T., Nebbitt, V., Carter, T., & Key, H. (2014). Perceived racial discrimination, drug use, and psychological distress in African American youth: A pathway to child health disparities. Journal Of Social Issues, 70(2), 279-297. doi:10.1111/josi.12060

Saunders, S., & Nedelec, B. (2014). What Work Means to People with Work Disability: A Scoping Review. Journal Of Occupational Rehabilitation, 24(1), 100-110.

Tejero, L. S., & Fowler, C. (2012). Migration of women from the Philippines: implications for healthcare delivery. Collegian, 19(1), 59-63 5p. doi:10.1016/j.colegn.2011.12.003

van Hout, M. (2011). Assimilation, habitus and drug use among Irish Travellers. Critical Public Health, 21(2), 203-220 18p. doi:10.1080/09581591003777386

Vardell, E. (2015). Natural Medicines: A Complementary and Alternative Medicines Tool Combining Natural Standard and the Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. Medical Reference Services Quarterly, 34(4), 461-470. doi:10.1080/02763869.2015.1082382

Venville, A., Sawyer, A., Long, M., Edwards, N., & Hair, S. (2015). Supporting People with an Intellectual Disability and Mental Health Problems: A Scoping Review of What They Say about Service Provision. Journal Of Mental Health Research In Intellectual Disabilities, 8(3-4), 186-212.

Walton, E. (2015). Making Sense of Asian American Ethnic Neighborhoods. Sociological Perspectives, 58(3), 490-515. doi:10.1177/0731121414568568

Weich, S. K. (2012). Experiences of acute mental health care in an ethnically diverse inner city: qualitative interview study. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(1), 119-128.

Weiss, B. D. (2015). Health literacy research: Isn’t there something better we could be doing?. Health Communication, 30(12), 1173-1175. doi:10.1080/10410236.2015.1037421

Wolz, M. M. (2015). Language barriers: challenges to quality healthcare. International Journal Of Dermatology, 54(2), 248-250. doi:10.1111/ijd.12663

Workplace equality leads to happier patients. (2011). Nursing Standard, 26(2), 10.

Zisberg, A., Topaz, M., & Band-Wintershtein, T. (2015). Cultural- and Educational-Level Differences in Students Knowledge, Attitudes, and Preferences for Working With Older Adults: An Israeli Perspective. Journal Of Transcultural Nursing, 26(2), 193-201. doi:10.1177/1043659614526252

Module 11 - Disability, Disadvantage, Vulnerability & Stigma

Chopra, R. [photographer]. (2014) Cjild with a physical disability in a special education facility in Ndola [digital photograph]. Retrieved from:https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/07/15/we-are-also-dying-aids/barriers-hiv-services-and-treatment-persons-disabilities

See me, not my disability. People with disabilities are often overlooked, patronised, shamed or pitied, and often seen as a burden on society instead of the wonderful individuals they are (Basas, 2014). A disability can be classified as having any physical, mental (Deschênes, Burns & Schmitz, 2015), malfunction or malformation of the body and can be listed as mild to grossly disabled (Krahn, 2014). Many people with disabilities are productive contributing members of the community, with active thoughts, feelings and human rights. The National Disability Insurance Scheme (DSS, 2012) was introduced to protect, promote and facilitate people with disabilities and guarantee their fundamental right to meet their full potential and have the ability to have the same quality and standards of living as other citizens (Venville, Sawyer, Long, Edwards & Hair, 2015). Many still face challenges and disadvantages in activities of daily life with stigmatisation, judgement, ignorance, discrimination, generalisation, vulnerability and exclusion impacting their physical, psychological and social health on a day to day basis (Peers, Spencer-Cavaliere, & Eales, 2014).

Four interviews were accessed and carried a consensus theme of the personal aspects of living with a disability, with each contributing individual unique challenges (Corr McEvoy, & Keenan, 2014). Leanne is a huge advocate and advisory of people with disabilities, with lived experiences as a mother of a son who has Cerebral Palsy, and experiencing a huge gap in support groups and assistance for families, foundered the Sunshine Butterflies disability support group. Leanne's biggest criticism is the lack of patience and communication given to disabled people and their carers (Harding & Cockerill, 2015). She perceives it is fear and personal discomfort that diminishes the ability to give appropriate respect to the individual, and only seeing the disability, not the person living with the disability. She also addresses the limited infrastructure catered to people with disabilities, as a huge hurdle when taking her son out in the community.

Trudy lives with the stigma of mental health challenges, and discusses fear as the biggest barrier to overcome stigma when accessing the needed recovery support. She stresses that mental health challenges are not just symptoms to be treated, but to look deeper and see the individual's experiences. Addressing our feelings, personal beliefs, cultural values, assumptions and own fear of mental health will assist in identifying with the client on a more personal level. Being mindful of the language used, and the meanings behind it will also help in lowering the discrimination of mental health stigma, encourage social change and promote support-seeking behaviour.

Kay is a registered nurse who experiences judgement on her sexual orientation, and feels ostracised and vulnerable when she is not seen as a person, but only as a lesbian (Bostwick, Boyd, Hughes, West & McCabe, 2014). She addresses the importance to the awareness of the personal difficulties that many gay, lesbian, bi and trans-sexual people face, and showing respect and forethought on addressing healthcare needs (Doyle & Molix, 2014). Kay also stated that many ladies with lesbian tendencies avoid pap smears due to an aversion of penetration, thus placing them in higher risk of health complications (Douglas, Deacon & Mooney-Somers, 2015).

Another Kay was interviewed on her personal lived experiences with a physical disability. Kay suffered a mechanical injury which left her restricted to a wheelchair. She expressed the declined freedom and choices she now had, loss of control over her body (Maher, Crettenden, Evans, Thiessen, Toohey Watson & Dollman, 2015), and advised open communication and respect as main contributors to personal dignity and self-worth. People with disabilities need to feel respected and valued as a person, and acknowledged to be capable despite physical restrictions to empower them to face the challenges that impact on their daily life (Saunders & Nedelec, 2014).

Self Reflection: Today I take with me the realisation of individual challenges and barriers people with disabilities may face on a day to day basis. It teaches me an understanding on how my behaviours impact their pride, dignity and feelings of self-worth. I will endeavour never to presume what cares they need, but to communicate to the person with warmth, respect and empathy, and not see them for their disability.

References

Basas, C. G. (2014). What's Bad about Wellness? What the Disability Rights Perspective Offers about the Limitations of Wellness. Journal Of Health Politics, Policy & Law, 39(5), 1035-1066.

Krahn, G. H. (2014). Health Disparities of Adults with Intellectual Disabilities: What Do We Know? What Do We Do?. Journal Of Applied Research In Intellectual Disabilities, 27(5), 431-446.

Peers, D., Spencer-Cavaliere, N., & Eales, L. (2014). Say What You Mean: Rethinking Disability Language in Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 31(3), 265-282.

Saunders, S., & Nedelec, B. (2014). What Work Means to People with Work Disability: A Scoping Review. Journal Of Occupational Rehabilitation, 24(1), 100-110.

Module 10 - Health Literacy

Confused with health [digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.epha.org/a/6144

Health Literacy is more than just how well a consumer locates, understands and applies health information to support and promote healthy well-being, it also incorporates previous experiences, existing knowledge, educational level, social skills, self-assurances, personal beliefs and motivation of each individual when making changes relating to health (Riva, Antonietti, Iannello & Pravettoni, 2015). The way healthcare services and health information is provided also determines what you know, what options you have and what you do about your health. Health education is the key, but being actively engaged and motivated towards making changes to improve your health is the lock, and both are needed for health literacy (Davis, Swarbrick, Krzos, Ruppert & O’Neill, 2015).

What is health literacy? [digital image]. (n.d.).

Retrieved from http://www.safetyandquality.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Infographic-What-is-health-literacy.jpg

People with inadequate health literacy are prone to avoid preventative health measures (Al Sayah, Majumdar & Johnson, 2015), have higher hospital admittance rates, unmanageable and undiagnosed chronic illnesses, non-compliant with medications and treatments, and puts a financial strain on the Government healthcare system (Mantwill, Monestel-Umaña & Schulz, 2015). Governments recognise that preventative health is more cost-effective than treatment, and the empowerment of health promotion and education was introduced to limit unnecessary mortalities, health detriments and risk factors in communities and on a national scale (Weiss, 2015). Health promotion is not only targeted to actively achieve better health goals and reduce disease, but preventative health campaigns like "Slip, Slop, Slap", "Life, be in it" and "Quit Smoking" were released to educate the population on environmental factors that influenced health (Kim, Lim, & Park, 2015).

Supporting our aging, youth (Coles, Ravid, Gibb, George-Denn, Bronstein, & McLeod, 2016), ethnic (Rikard, Hall & Bullock, 2015), poorly educated, lower socio-economic, vulnerable and disadvantaged population to increasing healthcare literacy will preserve their need for health services (Han, Boyle, James, Yu & Bennett, 2015). Consumers with low health literacy have difficulty in understanding their choices to make the best decision with their health, resulting in poorer outcomes to health and well-being. Creating an easier health literacy environment will provide better awareness of self-sufficiency in the management of healthcare (Nouri & Rudd, 2015).

In an interview with Peter Ryan, a wonderful storyteller who has been vision impaired for over 20 years, discussed the challenges of living with a vision-impaired disability. He shared his lived experiences with dealing with his depression in coping with the loss of his eyesight, and factored his acceptance to a simple lifestyle as his success. He details active listening, human touch, empathy, advocating and common sense as important considerations when dealing with people with disabilities, and expressed concern to the diminishing level of care provided in healthcare that is insensitive to his needs. This highlights the need for therapeutic relationships to be more holistically person-centred, taking the time to acknowledge the persons complete physical, mental and emotional needs, and not just focussing on the disability (Harrison & Lazard, 2015).

Self Reflection: This module has educated me to take further steps to ensure my clients fully understand the health education I am giving them, so that they have the correct information to make an informed decision towards their health, and that in doing so in my future nursing career will reduce the risk of harm to my clients.

References

Mantwill, S., Monestel-Umaña, S., & Schulz, P. J. (2015). The Relationship between Health Literacy and Health Disparities: A Systematic Review. Plos ONE, 10(12), 1-22. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145455

Weiss, B. D. (2015). Health literacy research: Isn’t there something better we could be doing?. Health Communication, 30(12), 1173-1175. doi:10.1080/10410236.2015.1037421

Saturday, 6 February 2016

Module 9 - Equity & Diversity in the Workplace

A Diverse Workplace. [photograph]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.rnnursesalary.xyz/2013/12/

The ethnic cultures of multicultural population of Australia also disperse into our workplaces, and it is not uncommon to work together with first generation Indigenous Australians and numerous other assorted ethnic descents (Mitchell, Parker & Giles, 2011). Cultural diversity can create language and communication errors, gender differentials, and personal cultural preferences in a multicultural workplace (King, Dawson, Kravitz & Gulick, 2012). The key to harmony is to recognise that we are all united in the nursing profession regardless of race, gender and ethnicity, and be cultural role models that adhere and promote ethical management guidelines that protect specific targeted groups from discrimination (Queensland Health, 2013, p. 2).

The culture, health care standards and policy guidelines may fluctuate within different nations, but the essence of healthcare remain the same. Nurses must diversify together and deliver exceptional holistic care to obtain the best health outcome for our clients. It is important to support cultural acculturation of ethnic nurses, as they face many challenges towards foreign languages (Hadziabdic, Lundin & Hjelm, 2015), unfamiliar cultural practices and social exclusion. Culturally competent nurses respect and value the cultural differences of our professional colleagues, and understand that many nurses from lower socioeconomic backgrounds may find it challenging to understand the high excess of disposable waste, as they may only be familiar with the limitations of reprocessed equipment. It is also beneficial to have cultural integration in our clinical practice to assist with the increasingly complex ethnic healthcare needs of our culturally diverse clients (Mitchell, Boyle, Parker, Giles, Chiang & Joyce, 2015).

The Congress of Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Nurses and Midwives was founded to represent, support and advocate Indigenous healthcare workers (Deek, Abbott, Moore, Davison, Cameron, DiGiacomo & Davidson, 2013), assemble capacity within the industry, promote disinclined Indigenous peoples to seek healthcare services (Aspin, Brown, Jowsey, Yen & Leeder, 2012), reduce cultural health inequalities and give better health outcomes to undiagnosed chronic diseases of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations (Downing, Kowal & Paradies, 2011).

Gender inequality is a concern in the nursing profession, with many male nurses exiting the industry due to stereotypical bullying, perceived sexual orientation, hypocrisy and minimal social acceptance, declined job dissatisfaction and limited support structures (Ayala, Holmqvist, Messing & Browne, 2014). Another concern is the persecution of generational differences (Olt, Jirwe, Saboonchi, Gerrish & Emami, 2014) and judgmental discrimination involving hospital-trained and academically trained nurses in the workplace (Kreutzer, 2013). This also leads to unprofessional attitudes, loss of experienced staff causing further nurse shortages, hostile work environments and cross-generational communication tribulations that affect leadership abilities, emotional and psychological dysfunction and ultimately impacts patient safety (Workplace equality leads to happier patients, 2011).

Self Reflection:

Acknowledging and valuing the diverse educational, race, gender, ethnic backgrounds and cultural characteristics of my team-mates will ultimately develop my skills in clinical practice as a respectful and productive team-player. I believe mutual respect is vital for leadership, creates harmonised and professional working environments, and is essential for my professional acceptance in my future clinical practice.

References:

Ayala, R. A., Holmqvist, M. T., Messing, H. B., & Browne, R. F. (2014). Blessed art thou among women: male nursing students and gender inequalities in Chile. Nurse Education Today, 34(12), 1480-1484. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2014.04.022

Managing Inclusiveness and Diversity in Teams: How Leader Inclusiveness Affects Performance through Status and Team Identity. Human Resource Management, 54(2), 217-239. doi:10.1002/hrm.21658

Mitchell, R., Boyle, B., Parker, V., Giles, M., Chiang, V., & Joyce, P. (2015). Managing Inclusiveness and Diversity in Teams: How Leader Inclusiveness Affects Performance through Status and Team Identity. Human Resource Management, 54(2), 217-239. doi:10.1002/hrm.21658

Workplace equality leads to happier patients. (2011). Nursing Standard, 26(2), 10.

Module 8 - Cultural Competence & Care in Communities

Union of Pan Asian Communities. (photographer). (n.d.) Untitled digital image of Community Healthcare [photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.upacsd.com/index.php/blog/

Community health care facilities provide culturally competent healthcare to demographically specific ethnic groups. The cultural diversifies with age, gender, alternative lifestyles, and various ethnic descents with traditional languages and backgrounds to make complex relationships between individuals, community health providers and multi-disciplinary healthcare teams (Ramos, Fox, Simon & Horowitz, 2013). It is imperative that community settings have a tangible perception of the ethnic backgrounds of its clients, and an awareness of sub-cultural variations of assimilated cultural groups within their local community (Edberg, Corey & Cohen, 2011). To combat cultural isolation, many ethnic groups migrate towards culturally demographic pockets within supportive communities that has proven cultural acceptance towards similar ethnic backgrounds (Walton, 2015). In response, previously uni-cultural communities have diverged into multi-cultural communities to alter the new cultural needs of the varying population. Not everyone embraced multiculturalism, with small minorities maintaining cultural ignorance, negative cultural stereotyping and racially-biased attitudes to provide stigmatisation towards cultural ethnicity, inter-racial relationships and cultural taboos (Jang, Park, Chiriboga, Yoon, An & Kim, 2015).

The inequalities associated with homelessness, poverty, poor education, social exclusion and cultural stigmatisation often contributes to chronic health complexities and reduced mental health of ethnic individuals (Weich, 2012). These socio-stressors often lead to negative coping mechanisms such as illicit substance abuse (van Hout, 2011). Community health and government commitment provides socially supportive assistance, remote access, access to housing, monitors medication compliance, helps clients navigate the healthcare system and are fundamental in the cultural transition to community living (Radermacher, Karunarathna, Grace & Feldman, 2011). It is essential for community health nurses to have an awareness of local community services such as crisis support and refuges, emergency accommodation, soup kitchens, mentor programs and skill development services to support their physical, economic, psychological and social wellbeing (Sanders‐Phillips, Kliewer, Tirmazi, Nebbitt, Carter & Key, 2014). Many ethnic groups have traditional beliefs that do not align with the consensus population, for example immunisation (Lu, O’Halloran, Williams, Lindley, Farrall & Bridges, 2015). Where it is fair to respect their values, community health nurses encompass in-depth knowledge bases on immunisation schedules and concerns, and have a duty-of-care to educate non-vaccinators on the health benefice to create awareness and confidence (Greenfield, Page, Kay, Li-Vollmer, Breuner & Duchin, 2015).

An interview with Rosalie and her intellectually disabled daughter Rikki demonstrated the complex health implications relating to Rikki's healthcare. Communication barriers relating to Rikki's autistic spectrum, the aspiration and pneumonia risks with increased dysphagia dysfunction , and the importance of pressure area care relating to moisture and decreased circulation to maintain skin integrity were some of challenges faced by Rosalie's family and carer support. Hubert (2011) explores parents perceptive fears of negative attitudes and the safety of their child within healthcare facilities, and this is supported by Rosalie's suggestion of providing support groups in hospitals to guide holistic patient care for people with disabilities.

Self Reflection:

This module has encourage me to focus on my own perceptive experiences with lower socioeconomic classes, intellectual and comorbidity disabilities and ethnic inequalities. I believe with continued empathetic support and guidance implemented into my future clinical practices, will benefit and assist me in being a professionally cultural competent nurse.

References:

van Hout, M. (2011). Assimilation, habitus and drug use among Irish Travellers. Critical Public Health, 21(2), 203-220 18p. doi:10.1080/09581591003777386

Walton, E. (2015). Making Sense of Asian American Ethnic Neighborhoods. Sociological Perspectives, 58(3), 490-515. doi:10.1177/0731121414568568

Weich, S. K. (2012). Experiences of acute mental health care in an ethnically diverse inner city: qualitative interview study. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(1), 119-128.

Module 7 - Multiculturalism and Health

A Helping Hand [digital image]. (2015). Retrieved from: http://www.washingtontimes.com/multimedia/image/ap_10dbc1ab8b66602d840f6a7067005819jpg/

Overseas-born natives from different cultural backgrounds have vastly different cultural confrontations and obstructions when migrating from ethnic homelands to multicultural populations (Aslam, 2012). Voluntary migrants who desired a better quality of life have the complexity of assimilation and cultural stressors of sociocultural acceptance, language barriers, family separation and socio-economic disparities to influence cultural decision-making, impedes access to employment and social housing, and hinders navigation within the healthcare system (Tejero & Fowler, 2012). Asylum refugees held in congested immigration detention centres tend to have negative health outcomes relating to infectious disease presence and close-proximity transference (Khyatti, Trimbitas, Zouheir, Benani, El Messaoudi & Hemminki, 2014), cultural obscurity with subordinate socio-economic statuses, and emotional barriers of mental health dysfunction and self-harm ideations from the traumatic transportation and debilitating circumstances of natural disasters, cultural persecution or political war (Chantler, 2012).

Specific government health commitments (Department of Immigration and Citizenship, 2013; Department of Social Services, 2015), have been implemented in response to Australia's accountability and responsiveness to evolving patterns and cultural health needs of its ethnically diverse population. Relating to a personal interview with a South African female, Mercy Baafi, the main deliverance was to be empathically aware of cultural needs, and not to make assumptions with cultural diversity when interacting with cultural and linguistically diverse patients. The interview also acknowledged the importance of not labeling ethnic variations and to respect, without prejudice, the holistic requirements of cultural identities when delivering therapeutic healthcare.

Discounting one's ethnic traditions and beliefs will result in diminished help-seeking behaviour towards cultural healthcare needs (Dockery, Jeffery, Schauman, Williams, Farrelly, Bonnington & Clement, 2015). Meuter, Gallois, Segalowitz, Ryder & Hocking, (2015) explore language translation barricades and stipulates poor verbal communication contributes to negative health outcomes of multicultural people. Language interpretation services and cultural health literacy will avoid communication errors and reduce ethnic and racial disparities in transcultural healthcare (Wolz, 2015).

Self Reflection:

In this module, I have learnt a deeper understanding of the cultural challenges and ethnical barriers of voluntary and forced migrants when relocating to a diversely different multicultural population. I have also discovered that there is much ethnic variation between cultures and sub-cultures, and the only way for me to be a culturally competent nurse, is to individually converse and assess them. Effective cultural awareness and good transcultural communication skills will be significant to my future clinical practice, and will assist me in providing better health outcomes for my multicultural clients.

References:

A Helping Hand [digital image]. (2015). Retrieved from: http://www.washingtontimes.com/multimedia/image/ap_10dbc1ab8b66602d840f6a7067005819jpg/

Aslam, M. (2012). The ethics of migration and healthcare. Archives Of Disease In Childhood, 97(5), 481-482. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2011-301681

Chantler, K. (2012). Gender, Asylum Seekers and Mental Distress: Challenges for Mental Health Social Work. British Journal Of Social Work, 42(2), 318-334.

Tejero, L. S., & Fowler, C. (2012). Migration of women from the Philippines: implications for healthcare delivery. Collegian, 19(1), 59-63 5p. doi:10.1016/j.colegn.2011.12.003

Wolz, M. M. (2015). Language barriers: challenges to quality healthcare. International Journal Of Dermatology, 54(2), 248-250. doi:10.1111/ijd.12663